SES Combined socio-economic data
Malawi
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Reference ID
DDI-MWI-MEIRU-SES-2007-v01b
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Created on
Nov 14, 2025
Last modified
Nov 19, 2025
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- Data files
- combined_ses_hh
- combined_ses_ind
First source of income (D) (inc1hh)
Data file: combined_ses_hh
Overview
Valid:
36554
Invalid:
22705
Type:
Discrete
Decimal:
0
Start:
147
End:
148
Width:
2
Range:
1 - 13
Format:
Numeric
Questions and instructions
Categories
| Value | Category | Cases | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | regular employment | 4730 |
12.9%
|
| 2 | piecework | 3601 |
9.9%
|
| 3 | farming | 16383 |
44.8%
|
| 4 | fishing | 2636 |
7.2%
|
| 5 | selling prepared food | 943 |
2.6%
|
| 6 | manufactoring goods | 827 |
2.3%
|
| 7 | trading | 3423 |
9.4%
|
| 8 | gathering natural products | 219 |
0.6%
|
| 9 | letting property | 389 |
1.1%
|
| 10 | providing a service | 1125 |
3.1%
|
| 11 | support from relatives | 1570 |
4.3%
|
| 12 | support from non-relative | 513 |
1.4%
|
| 13 | other | 195 |
0.5%
|
| Sysmiss | 22705 |
Warning: these figures indicate the number of cases found in the data file. They cannot be interpreted as summary statistics of the population of interest.
Description
Definition
First source of income
Imputation and derivation
Derivation
variable: employ (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: employo (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: piecew (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: piecewo (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: farm (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: farmo (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: fish (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: fisho (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: snacks (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: snackso (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: manuf (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: manufo (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: trade (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: tradeo (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: gather (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: gathero (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: letting (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: lettingo (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: service (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: serviceo (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: supportf (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: supportfo (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: support (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: supporto (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: othinc (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: othinco (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
<individual income sources are ranked for each household (variables employ, employo, piecew, piecewo etc.), this are summarised to indicate top 4 income sources:>
forvalues y=1/4 { /*loop to create the variables*/
gen inc`y'hh=.
}
local x=1 /*start a local of x which will be 1 to start the loop at employ, then increased to 2 for piecew etc*/
foreach var in employ piecew farm fish snacks manuf trade gather letting service supportf support othinc { /*these vars are yes/no of whether they are a source of income and the var with o after (e.g. employo) is the rank of order of importance, with no duplication so only one has rank 1 for each record*/
recode `var'o 0=. /*apparently 00 in rank var is code for missing*/
forvalues y=1/4 { /*loop through 1-4 to capture the top 4 most important into the variables created above*/
replace inc`y'hh=`x' if `var'o==`y' /*x is 1 for employ, 2 for piecework etc. so inc1 is 1 if employ==1, inc3 is 4 if fish==3 etc.*/
}
local x=`x'+1 /*add 1 to the local x before going through the foreach var loop again*/
}
la def activity 1 "regular employment" 2 "piecework" 3 "farming" 4 "fishing" 5 "selling prepared food" 6 "manufactoring goods" 7 "trading" 8 "gathering natural products" 9 "letting property" 10 "providing a service" 11 "support from relatives" 12 "support from non-relative" 13 "other"
la val inc1hh inc2hh inc3hh inc4hh activity
gen tag=1 if inc1==.
forvalues a=1/3 { /*if no income source 1 reported move all the sources up one*/
local b=`a'+1
replace inc`a'hh=inc`b'hh if tag==1
}
variable: employo (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: piecew (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: piecewo (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: farm (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: farmo (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: fish (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: fisho (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: snacks (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: snackso (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: manuf (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: manufo (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: trade (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: tradeo (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: gather (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: gathero (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: letting (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: lettingo (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: service (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: serviceo (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: supportf (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: supportfo (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: support (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: supporto (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: othinc (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
variable: othinco (table[s]: css_seh, gp_gphhold)
<individual income sources are ranked for each household (variables employ, employo, piecew, piecewo etc.), this are summarised to indicate top 4 income sources:>
forvalues y=1/4 { /*loop to create the variables*/
gen inc`y'hh=.
}
local x=1 /*start a local of x which will be 1 to start the loop at employ, then increased to 2 for piecew etc*/
foreach var in employ piecew farm fish snacks manuf trade gather letting service supportf support othinc { /*these vars are yes/no of whether they are a source of income and the var with o after (e.g. employo) is the rank of order of importance, with no duplication so only one has rank 1 for each record*/
recode `var'o 0=. /*apparently 00 in rank var is code for missing*/
forvalues y=1/4 { /*loop through 1-4 to capture the top 4 most important into the variables created above*/
replace inc`y'hh=`x' if `var'o==`y' /*x is 1 for employ, 2 for piecework etc. so inc1 is 1 if employ==1, inc3 is 4 if fish==3 etc.*/
}
local x=`x'+1 /*add 1 to the local x before going through the foreach var loop again*/
}
la def activity 1 "regular employment" 2 "piecework" 3 "farming" 4 "fishing" 5 "selling prepared food" 6 "manufactoring goods" 7 "trading" 8 "gathering natural products" 9 "letting property" 10 "providing a service" 11 "support from relatives" 12 "support from non-relative" 13 "other"
la val inc1hh inc2hh inc3hh inc4hh activity
gen tag=1 if inc1==.
forvalues a=1/3 { /*if no income source 1 reported move all the sources up one*/
local b=`a'+1
replace inc`a'hh=inc`b'hh if tag==1
}